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Trump may see the EU as a foe, but the US is a whole lot richer because of trade with Europe

The Conversation
Mike Pompeo EU Commission Vice President Federica Mogherini European Union
US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, met with EU Commission Vice President Federica Mogherini at a US-EU energy council meeting in Brussels, Belgium earlier this month. Andrew Harnik/Reuters
  • President Donald Trump called the European Union a foe to the US, because of "what they do to us in trade."
  • But what Europe has done for US trade includes immense economic benefits, strong military alliance, peace, and prosperity.  
  • The US-Europe relationship is a network that propels the global economy: The EU or US serves as the primary trading partner for nearly every country on Earth.
  • When the world gets richer, the US also benefits — demand for US products increases as incomes rise around the world, as does the variety of products the US can import.
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President Donald Trump recently questioned the value of the long-standing United States-Europe alliance. When asked to identify his "biggest foe globally," he declared: "I think the European Union is a foe, what they do to us in trade."

This view is consistent with his recent turn against trade with Europe but ignores the immense benefits that Americans have reaped due to the strong economic and military alliance between the US and Europe — benefits that include nothing less than unprecedented peace and prosperity.

As such, Trump's trade war with Europe and his hostility toward broader Western alliances such as NATO portend a future of diminished standards of living — as a direct result of less trade — and greater global conflict — indirectly due to reduced economic integration. In the words of columnist Robert Kagan, "things will not be ok."

Some of my research focuses on the impact of increased international trade on US standards of living, which I show are causally linked during the late 20th century. Most of the trade in this period occurred among rich nations and was dominated by the US-Europe relationship.

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By calling Europe a "foe," Trump makes clear that he simply doesn't understand why rich countries trade with one another, which, to be fair, is something that also puzzled economists for many years.

Why rich countries trade

Britian Prime Minister Theresa May Europe EU US trade Trump
In 2016, the top US exports to the EU were aircraft, machinery, and pharmaceutical products. Jack Taylor/Reuters

Though in some ways it seems obvious why the US and Europe trade with one another — some might enjoy Parmigiana from Italy, while others prefer Wisconsin cheddar — economists initially had trouble explaining exactly why there was so much trade among rich countries. Surely, they thought, the US can produce good quality cheese at a cost that is similar to producers in Italy, and vice versa, so why would we need to go abroad to satisfy our palettes?

In 1979, economist Paul Krugman provided a clear answer that would eventually win him the Nobel Prize in economics. The first part of his answer was simple but important and boils down to the fact that consumers benefit from having a wide range of product varieties available to them, even if they are only small variations on the same item.

For instance, in 2016 the top US exports to the EU were aircraft (US$38.5 billion), machinery ($29.4 billion) and pharmaceutical products ($26.4 billion). The top imports from the EU seem almost identical: machinery ($64.9 billion), pharmaceutical products ($55.2 billion) and vehicles ($54.6 billion). Although the product categories clearly overlap, there are important differences in the types of pharmaceuticals and machinery that are sold in each market. Consumers benefit from having all these options available to them.

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The second part of Krugman's answer was that, by producing for both markets, companies in Europe and the US could reap greater economies of scale in production and lower their prices as a result. This has been found to indeed be what happens when countries trade. And more recent research has shown that increased foreign competition can also lower domestic prices.

These benefits have been quantified. For instance, the gains to the US from new foreign product varieties and lower prices over the period 1992 to 2005 were equal to about one percent of US GDP — or about $100 billion.

In short, Krugman's answer emphasized the extent to which international trade between equals increases the overall size of the economic pie. And no pie has ever grown larger than the combined economies of the US and Europe, which now constitute half of global GDP.

Largest trading partner

The European Union is the largest US trading partner in terms of its total bilateral trade and has been for the past several decades.

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Overall, the US imported $592 billion in goods and services from the EU in 2016 and exported $501 billion, which represents about 19% of total US trade and also represents about 19% of American GDP.

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Chart: The Conversation, CC-BY-ND Source: Peter Schott (2008), Bureau of Economic Analysis

A key feature of this trade is that almost a third of it happens within individual companies. In other words, it reflects multinational companies shipping products to themselves in order to serve their local market, or as inputs into local production. This type of trade is critical as it serves as the backbone of a vast network of business investments on both sides of the Atlantic, supporting hundreds of thousands of jobs.

It is also a network that propels the global economy: the EU or US serves as the primary trading partner for nearly every country on Earth.

Shipping and new institutions

China tariffs EU US trade European Union Trump
A ship to shore crane prepares to load a 40-foot shipping container onto a container ship at the Port of Savannah in Savannah, Georgia. Stephen B. Morton/AP

The US-Europe trade relationship also laid the groundwork for the modern system of international trade via two distinct innovations: new shipping technologies and new global institutions.

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On the technological front, the introduction of the standard shipping container in the 1960s set off the so-called second wave of globalization. This under-appreciated technology was conceived by the US Army during the 1950s and was perfected over Atlantic shipping routes. In short, by simply standardizing the size and shape of shipping containers, and building port infrastructure and ships to move them, massive economies of scale in shipping were realized. As a result, today container ships the size of small cities are routed via sophisticated logistics to huge deepwater ports around the world.

These routes eventually made it profitable for other countries to invest in the large-scale port infrastructure that could handle modern container ships. This laid the groundwork for the eventual growth of massive container terminals throughout Asia, which now serve as the hubs of the modern global supply chain.

At the same time that these new technologies were reducing the physical costs of doing business around the world, the US and Europe were also creating institutions to define new international rules for trade and finance. Perhaps the most important one was the post-war General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs, which eventually became the World Trade Organization, creating the first rules-based multilateral trade regime. A large body of research shows that these agreements have increased trade and, more importantly, raised incomes around the world.

Overall, these advancements contributed to the subsequent enrichment of hundreds of millions of workers in Asia, Latin America and Africa by helping to integrate them into the global economy.

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And when the world gets richer, the US also benefits for many of the same reasons noted above: demand for US products increases as incomes rise around the world, as does the variety of products the US can import, and the prices of these goods typically fall.

Taking the long view

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The combined economies of the US and Europe make up half of global GDP. REUTERS/Stefanie Loos

But it appears that President Trump sees the US on the losing end of a failed relationship.

It is unsurprising that tensions with Europe have come to the forefront over perceived imbalances in trade, particularly for a president who is not afraid to take long-time allies to task.

This is because US trade policy has arguably been overly optimistic in recent years, particularly with respect to China, whose accession to the WTO proved to be much more disruptive to labor markets around the world than was predicted. Previous US administrations preferred patience over confrontation, leading to a perhaps inevitable backlash that has spilled into other relationships, such as the one with Europe.

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However, the US relationship with Europe is clearly different, primarily because it is longstanding and has been largely one of equals. But also because their shared values mean that there are many non-economic issues — such as the spread of liberal democracy and the promotion of human rights — that get advanced by the close economic ties.

It's important to not underestimate what is at stake if the US-Europe alliance is allowed to falter. Americans are likely in the midst of the most peaceful era in world history, and global economic integration, led from the beginning by the US and Europe, has been a key contributing factor. Global extreme poverty is also at its lowest point ever, again in large part due to globalization.

These are the byproducts and legacies of seven decades of expanding international trade and should not be taken for granted.

Read the original article on The Conversation. Copyright 2018. Follow The Conversation on Twitter.
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